The militant actions are further justified as a counteroffensive against the reported killing of hundreds of Palestinians and the incursion of Israeli settlers into Al-Aqsa.

In response, Israel launched massive airstrikes on Gaza, initiating Operation ‘Iron Swords’ with the aim of targeting Hamas militants. This recent development underscores heightened tensions and violent confrontations, posing serious challenges to regional stability.

Reuters in its article, ‘How the Hamas attack on Israel unfolded,’ written by Dan Williams, published on October 7, 2023, unfolds that in a surprise attack during the Jewish holiday of Simchat Torah, Hamas launched a multifaceted assault on Israel. The operation began with a massive rocket barrage, claiming to have fired 5,000 rockets (Israel reported 2,500) across southern Israel, resulting in casualties and widespread panic. The rocket onslaught served as cover for an unprecedented infiltration by Palestinian gunmen into Israel. Utilising breaches in land security barriers and unconventional means like powered parachutes and motorboats, Hamas fighters breached the Gaza-Israel border.

The attackers targeted military installations, including the Erez border crossing, Zikim base, and the Gaza division headquarters at Reim. Videos released by Hamas depicted fighters breaching security fences, capturing Israeli military vehicles, and engaging in combat at various locations. Israeli media reported raids on border towns like Sderot, Be’eri, and Ofakim, with residents seeking refuge in fortified areas. The conflict led to reported casualties on both sides, with Hamas claiming to have seized hostages, including Israeli soldiers. As the situation unfolded, Israel responded with airstrikes in Gaza, causing further casualties. The ongoing clashes raised concerns about the magnitude of the conflict, with casualties reported among civilians, Israeli soldiers, and Palestinian fighters. The intensity of the assault underscored the seriousness of the situation, with both sides engaged in a complex and escalating conflict.

BBC, in its article, ‘What is Hamas and why is it fighting with Israel in Gaza?’ published on December 28, 2023, explains the conflict between Hamas and Israel in Gaza. It mentions the unprecedented assault by Hamas on Israel in October, the Israeli military’s response, the goals of Israel’s military operation, the impact on Gaza’s civilian population, and the humanitarian crisis in the region. Additionally, it covers the release of hostages, the collapse of truces, and the ongoing struggles with humanitarian aid delivery. The article also explains the origins of the conflict, the nature of Hamas as a Palestinian group, and the geopolitical context of the Gaza Strip.

The Council on Foreign Relations, in its article, ‘What Is Hamas?’ written by Kali Robinson and published on October 31, 2023, defines Hamas as an Islamist militant movement governing the Gaza Strip, known for armed resistance against Israel. In October 2023, it launched a massive attack on southern Israel, resulting in a conflict. Designated as a terrorist organisation by many countries, it was founded in 1987 by Sheikh Ahmed Yassin. Hamas’s leadership includes Ismail Haniyeh, Yahya Sinwar, Marwan Issa, Mohammed Deif, and Saleh al-Arouri. Iran and Turkey provide financial support. The group governs Gaza with authoritarian measures and has faced criticism for a lack of transparency. Palestinian views on Hamas are divided. The 2023 attack on Israel is considered unprecedented, leading to a conflict, with Israel declaring war on Hamas. The situation raises concerns about regional escalation.

The Wire’s article, ‘Why Did Hamas Attack, and Why Now? Where Is the Conflict Headed?’, written by Ian Parmeter, published on October 10, 2023, highlights the factors leading to Hamas’s well-coordinated attack on Israel. It traces a pattern of conflict between Israel and Hamas since 2005, marked by cycles of rocket attacks and Israeli retaliation. The motivation behind Hamas’s aggression includes internal challenges from smaller extremist groups in Gaza and tensions with settlers in the West Bank.

The article points out the provocative actions of the Israeli government, particularly visits to the Al-Aqsa Mosque site, and the broader context of peace agreements between Arab States and Israel, causing concern among Palestinians. The timing of the attack, named “Operation Al-Aqsa Flood,” aligns with the 50th anniversary of the Yom Kippur War, signifying a surprise element against Israel.

Hamas seeks to gain sympathy from the Arab world, potentially hindering further normalisation of relations between Arab States and Israel. The article speculates on potential developments, including the involvement of Hezbollah and the uncertainty of the conflict’s trajectory. It concludes by emphasising the need for Israel to reconsider its approach to managing the Palestinian territories.

The New York Times in its article, ‘War Has Smashed Assumptions About Israeli-Palestinian Conflict,’ written by Steven Erlanger, published on October 23, 2023, discusses the impact of a recent unexpected terror attack by Hamas into Israel, highlighting the shattering of several paradigms in the Israeli-Palestinian conflict:

• Hamas containment and conflict management The strategy of allowing Hamas to control Gaza in the hope that governance responsibilities would moderate its actions is now considered broken.
• Israel’s invincibility and military superiority The surprise attack by Hamas exposed overconfidence, complacency, and an overreliance on technology. The effectiveness of Israel’s intelligence and military capabilities has been questioned.
• Arab world’s relations with Israel Despite recent normalisation efforts, the Palestinian issue has regained prominence in the Arab world due to the conflict, impacting relations between Israel and Arab States that previously normalised ties.
• US involvement in the Middle East The United States, which had shifted its focus to other global issues, is now seen as a key player in providing a new paradigm for peace in the region.

The article suggests that these shattered narratives necessitate a reevaluation of strategies and a potential shift in the geopolitical landscape in the Middle East.

The Hindu, in its article, ‘The Israel-Palestine conflict is at bend point,’ written by T.S. Tirumurthi, published on October 31, 2023 discusses the recent conflict between Israel and Hamas, acknowledging the brutality of the October 7, 2023 attack by Hamas on Israel. The author emphasises that while condemning Hamas for its terrorist act, the historical context of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict and the suffering of Palestinians should not be overlooked. The piece advocates for a two-State solution, criticises the dehumanisation of Palestinians, and questions the acceptability of civilian casualties in Gaza. It also points out the role of Israel, Arab countries, and the international community in addressing the root causes of the conflict. The article concludes by suggesting that India, in its stance, should express not only opposition to terrorism but also concern for the humanitarian crisis in Gaza.

Reuters, in its article, ‘Israel retaliates after Hamas attacks, deaths pass 1,100’ written by Maayan Lubell and Nidal Al-Mughrabi, published on October 9, 2023, describes a situation of intense conflict between Israel and Hamas in the Gaza Strip. The conflict escalated following a deadly attack by Hamas on Israeli towns, resulting in a significant number of casualties on both sides. Israeli airstrikes targeted various locations in Gaza, including housing blocks, tunnels, mosques, and homes of Hamas officials. The situation also led to clashes between Israeli forces and Lebanon’s Hezbollah, as well as the killing of two Israeli tourists in Egypt.

International appeals for restraint were made, with Western nations generally supporting Israel and Iran, Hezbollah, and some Middle Eastern protesters expressing support for Hamas. The conflict resulted in a high number of casualties, including children. Hostages were taken by both sides, further complicating the situation. The US expressed strong support for Israel, and there were reports of the US sending military support to the region. The violence escalated tensions and raised concerns about the potential impact on regional stability and peace efforts. The situation remains fluid, with ongoing military operations and diplomatic efforts to address the crisis.

NDTV World in its report, ‘Israel Announces “State Of War” After Hamas Attack, Over 500 Dead,’ published on October 8, 2023’ describes a significant escalation of conflict between Israel and the Gaza Strip. The armed wing of the Palestinian group, Hamas, claimed responsibility for launching over 5,000 rockets into Israel, resulting in casualties on both sides. Israel declared a state of war, initiated airstrikes on Gaza, and reported ground battles with Hamas militants. The situation is fluid, with ongoing developments, casualties, and international reactions.

The Indian Express article, ‘In Israel-Palestine conflict, why Hamas and Hezbollah have raised the issue of ‘normalisation,’ written by Rishika Singh, published on October 19, 2023, provides an overview of the Israel-Palestine conflict, emphasising the historical and religious significance of the land. It traces the conflict from Israel’s creation in 1948 to present-day issues, including the displacement of Palestinians and attempts at normalisation between Israel and Arab countries. The term “normalisation” is explained in the context of recent events, particularly Hamas’ attack on Israel, seen as a response to the normalisation agreements. The article also discusses historical attempts at peace, conflicts, and recent developments such as the Abraham Accords. It highlights the complex dynamics in the region and the ongoing struggles of the Palestinians amid changing geopolitical landscapes.

The Hindu in its report, ‘Gaza City hospital encircled by Israeli forces must be protected: Biden,’ published on November 13, 2023, gives updates and information about the Israel-Hamas conflict, including details about the situation in Gaza, the status of Al-Shifa hospital, statements from world leaders, casualties, evacuations, and international reactions. The text covers various aspects of the ongoing conflict, such as military actions, diplomatic efforts, and the impact on civilians and healthcare facilities.

The Indian Express article, ‘An Expert Explains: Why did Hamas attack now, what does it say about Israeli intelligence?’, written by Alvite Ningthoujam, published on October 17, 2023, discusses the military conflict between Israel and Hamas, highlighting its unprecedented nature due to Hamas breaching advanced border fencing mechanisms and intelligence capabilities. It provides background information on Hamas, its goals, and designation as a terrorist organisation by the US and EU. The timing of the attack is linked to stalled peace talks, perceived threats to Palestinian causes, and concerns about Israel’s diplomatic recognition in the Middle East. The article also questions the effectiveness of Israel’s intelligence mechanisms and suggests a need for policy re-evaluation in counter-terrorism and intelligence.

The New York Times, in its article, ‘Israel Knew Hamas’s Attack Plan More Than a Year Ago,’ written by Ronen Bergman and Adam Goldman, published on November 30, 2023, reveals that Israeli officials obtained a 40-page battle plan from Hamas for a terrorist attack on October 7 over a year before it occurred. Code-named “Jericho Wall,” the document outlined a detailed invasion strategy, but Israeli authorities dismissed it as aspirational and too difficult for Hamas. As per article, the plan included rocket barrages, drone attacks, and infiltrations via paragliders, motorcycles, and foot. Despite the precision with which Hamas executed the plan, Israeli experts believed such an ambitious attack was beyond their capabilities. The failure to take the threat seriously led to the deadliest day in Israel’s history, prompting acknowledgment of an intelligence failure. The Jericho Wall document revealed missteps, including a belief that Hamas lacked the capacity to attack, leading to a cascade of errors in the Israeli response.

The BBC’s article ‘Israel Gaza war: History of the conflict,’ explained published on November 15, 2023, provides information about an unprecedented assault by the Palestinian militant group, Hamas, on Israel. The attack, launched on October 7, resulted in about 1,200 casualties and the capture of over 200 hostages. In response, the Israeli military conducted air and artillery strikes, causing more than 14,000 Palestinian deaths in Gaza. The conflict is rooted in the historical and geopolitical context of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict, with tensions over issues such as the status of Jerusalem, Jewish settlements, and the right of return for Palestinian refugees. The article also touches on international perspectives, including condemnation from the US and EU, support from Iran, and Russia and China’s refusal to condemn Hamas.

The Indian Express article, ‘The bloody history behind how Israel, and Palestine, came into existence,’ written by Mira Patel, published on October 25, 2023, provides a historical overview of the Israel-Palestine conflict, covering its roots in the early 20th century, the establishment of the State of Israel in 1948, and subsequent conflicts. It delves into the historical, religious, and political significance of the region, highlighting key events such as the Balfour Declaration, UN partition plans, and the Oslo Accords. The complex and deeply rooted nature of the conflict involves various actors, including Jews, Arabs, Palestinians, and neighbouring states, contributing to the ongoing struggles over territory and national identity.

The Print in its article, ‘History of Gaza Strip is key to understanding Israel-Palestine conflict. What you must know,’ written by Maha Nassar, published on October 14, 2023, provides a historical overview of Gaza, highlighting its origins, demographic composition, and the impact of the Israeli blockade. The recent conflict, triggered by a surprise attack by Hamas militants, is discussed, along with the Israeli military’s extensive bombing campaign. The dire living conditions in Gaza, including high unemployment, poverty, and the blockade’s effects on water, electricity, and healthcare, are emphasised. The article concludes with a tragic acknowledgment that civilians bear the brunt of the conflict, emphasising the ongoing suffering in the region.

The Hindu’s article, ‘The revenge of old West Asia,’ written by Stanly Johny, published on November 3, 2023, gives an insight of the historical context of the Israel-Palestine conflict, emphasising Israel’s occupation of Palestinian territories since the 1967 War. It explores Israel’s narrative, justifying its military actions as necessary for survival in a hostile environment, particularly against Hamas. The article challenges these arguments, highlighting the historical evolution of groups like Hamas, the role of Iran, and the absence of a lasting resolution to the Palestine question. It concludes that the Palestine issue remains a fundamental challenge in the region, impacting the quest for peace.

Similarly, Aljazeera’s article, ‘Israel-Palestine conflict: A brief history in maps and charts,’ written by Mohammed Haddad and Alia Chughtai, published on November 27, 2023, provides a brief history of the Israel-Palestine conflict using maps and charts. It covers key events such as the Balfour Declaration, Jewish immigration to Palestine, the UN Partition Plan, the Nakba, Oslo Accords, Israeli settlements, checkpoints, the blockade of Gaza, and the current situation. The interactive maps and charts illustrate demographic changes, territorial divisions, and the impact of the conflict on the people of Israel and Palestine.

The New York Times in its article, ‘Israel Has Never Needed to Be Smarter Than in This Moment,’ written by Thomas L. Friedman, published on October 10, 2023, discusses the recent conflict between Israel and Hamas, expressing shock at the brutality exhibited by individual Hamas fighters. The author speculates on the emotional origins of the conflict, pointing to a photograph of Israeli ministers praying in Saudi Arabia as a potential trigger. The article suggests that Hamas aimed for a violent assault to provoke an Israeli overreaction, disrupting normalisation efforts with Arab states. The author emphasises the need for the US to encourage Israel to avoid a deep invasion of Gaza and pursue negotiations for normalisation. Additionally, it calls for Prime Minister Netanyahu to reconnect with liberal democratic values and create a national unity government.

Frontline’s article, ‘Understanding the Israel-Palestine conflict,’ published on October 9, 2023, explains the conflict between Israel and Palestine escalated on October 7 when Hamas launched an unprecedented attack on Israel, resulting in tragic casualties on both sides. Israel retaliated with airstrikes on Gaza, declaring war on Hamas. The surprise attack has raised questions about Israel’s intelligence preparedness. The situation has the potential to escalate into a larger geopolitical crisis with far-reaching implications for the region. Frontline has compiled articles from its archives to provide insight into the history of the conflict, focusing on Hamas, Palestine, and Israel.

The Indian Express article, ‘What war crimes laws apply to the Israel-Palestinian conflict?’, by Reuters published on October 13, 2023, discusses the ongoing conflict between Israel and Palestinian forces, particularly focusing on the rising death toll. It highlights the international laws governing armed conflict, such as the 1949 Geneva Conventions and the International Humanitarian Law. The International Criminal Court (ICC) in The Hague plays a role in investigating alleged crimes, but its effectiveness is influenced by the engagement of member states. The article also mentions potential war crimes, including deliberate targeting of civilians and indiscriminate rocket attacks, and the application of the Geneva Conventions. The statements and actions of key figures, such as Israeli Defence Minister Yoav Gallant, are scrutinised in the context of the international law.

The Hindu’s article, ‘Making this Israeli-Palestinian war the last,’ written by Chinmaya R. GhareKhan, Karl. F. Inderfurth, published on December 01, 2023, discusses the Israeli-Hamas war, highlighting the displacement of Gaza residents and the damage to homes. It predicts that Israel will win militarily, but Hamas will gain increased support among Arab populations, particularly in the West Bank, due to dissatisfaction with the Palestinian Authority’s leadership. The author emphasises the need for a fresh election in Gaza and the West Bank under international supervision, proposing a peacekeeping contingent on the Gaza-Israel border. The feasibility of a two-State solution is questioned, and the article suggests a reality check with painful concessions. The Abraham Accords are seen as a foundation for engagement with Israel’s neighbouring Arab states, aiming for a demilitarised Palestinian state to ensure regional harmony and stability. The ultimate goal is for Israel to end its occupation of the West Bank, leading to a viable Palestinian State and lasting peace in the Middle East. The authors are Chinmaya R. Gharekhan and Karl F. Inderfurth, both with diplomatic backgrounds related to the United Nations and the Middle East.

The Indian Express in its article, ‘A to Z of the Israel-Palestine conflict,’ written by Arjun Sengupta, published on October 19, 2023, provides an alphabetical list of terms related to the Israel-Palestine conflict, offering explanations and context for each term. It covers a range of topics, including key figures like Mahmoud Abbas and Benjamin Netanyahu, locations like Gaza and the West Bank, historical events such as the Balfour Declaration and Yom Kippur War, and terms like Intifada, Mossad, and Zionism. The article also touches on international relations involving countries like China, Russia, and the United States, as well as the role of organisations like Hamas and Hezbollah. Additionally, it discusses current issues, such as the recent conflict escalation and the challenges faced by places like the Shifa Hospital in Gaza.

The Times of India in its article, ‘Understanding the Israel-Palestine conflict part 2 (present situation),’ written by Saroj Chadha, published on October 19, 2023, discusses the recent Hamas attack on Israel and its implications. It highlights the surprise and success of the Hamas operation in breaching Israel’s defences along the Gaza Strip, leading to a significant shift in world opinion as Israel retaliated. The Israel Defense Forces (IDF) are determined to destroy Hamas, its military infrastructure, and potentially reduce the refugee population in Gaza by forcing Palestinians to relocate.

The analysis raises concerns about the conflict expanding beyond the Gaza Strip, with Hezbollah showing signs of involvement in the West Bank and other regional tensions rising. The article notes the complex dynamics involving various Middle Eastern nations, the United States, Russia, China, and Western nations, with divergent interests and responses to the conflict.

The outlook for a resolution appears grim, citing reasons such as Palestinians supporting terror activities, reluctance of Islamic nations to host Palestinians, and the geopolitical considerations of major world powers. The article suggests that any lasting solution must emerge from the will of the people in Israel and Palestine, with a need for leaders committed to finding peaceful solutions. It acknowledges a growing sentiment in Israel favouring peace and improvement of the Palestinian plight but questions whether a similar awakening can occur in Palestine and neighbouring Arab countries given existing challenges and beliefs.

The Indian Express in its article, ‘What Israel-Palestine conflict reveals about world leaders,’ written by Pratap Bhanu Mehta, published on October 31, 2023, discusses the ongoing conflict between Israel and Hamas, criticizing various world leaders for their perceived lack of moral and political judgment. It highlights the humanitarian crisis in Gaza, the consequences of political failures, and the potential rise of anti-Semitism and Islamophobia. The author emphasises the need for statesmanship, a two-State solution, and the moral condemnation of extremist groups like Hamas. The article notes that global public opinion supports these propositions but laments the absence of world leaders willing to take diplomatic action in line with these views.

The Hindu in its article, ‘View From India | What’s America’s policy towards Israel-Palestine?’, written by Stanley Johny, published on November 06, 2023, explains as Israel’s month-long Gaza attack continues, U.S. Secretary of State Antony Blinken visited West Asia, focusing on preventing the conflict from escalating regionally. With 9,700 Palestinians killed in Gaza, predominantly women and children, protests erupted across the Arab world. Tensions persist on Israel’s border with Lebanon, involving Hezbollah. Blinken met Arab Foreign Ministers, urging Arab support to limit the war’s scope. He also advocated for humanitarian aid to Gaza but stopped short of calling for a ceasefire. The US’s pro-Israel stance, contrasting with its anti-Russia coalition in Ukraine, is explored, highlighting the influence of the pro-Israel lobby, particularly AIPAC, in shaping the US policy.

The Hindu in its article, ‘Is the United Nations toothless in ending wars?,’ written by Kallol Bhattacherjee, published on November 03, 2023, discusses the ongoing conflicts involving Israel and Hamas, questioning the effectiveness of the United Nations (UN) in bringing about peace. The conversation between Rakesh Sood and Vivek Katju highlights the challenges the UN faces, especially with major powers having conflicting interests and the presence of vetoes in the Security Council. The article suggests that the UN’s role has diminished since the end of the Cold War, and the liberal international order is facing challenges. In terms of the Israel-Hamas conflict, the UN’s inability to achieve a ceasefire is attributed to the divergence of national interests among major powers. The article also touches on India’s stance, stating that the country has strong ties with both Israel and Arab states, making its diplomatic role challenging in this context.

The American non-profit media organization, npr, in its article ‘Biden wants a two-state solution for Israeli-Palestinian peace. Is it still possible?’ written by Rachel Treisman published on October 27, 2023, mentions the ongoing conflict between Israel and Hamas, emphasising President Biden’s statement that there is no return to the status quo before October 7. The focus is on the prospects for long-term peace and the viability of the two-state solution, which calls for an independent Palestinian state alongside Israel. The historical background of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict, the failed peace talks, and various obstacles to the two-state solution are explored. The article notes declining support for this solution among both Palestinians and Israelis, with alternative possibilities, including a one-state solution, confederation, annexation, or maintaining the status quo, being discussed. The complexities of achieving peace in the region are highlighted, and the article concludes by pointing out the need for change in the current paradigm.

Scroll.in in its article, ‘Israel-Palestine conflict: The Western media has made it clear which side it is on,’ written by Zahid Hussain, (Dawn.com) published on October 19, 2023, criticises Western media for presenting a one-sided account of the Israel-Palestine conflict, alleging bias in favour of Israel. It accuses the media of downplaying Israeli actions, including the destruction of Gaza and civilian casualties, while highlighting Hamas’s assault. The piece suggests that the media’s coverage serves as propaganda for warmongers, and it criticises the use of terms like “right to self-defense” to justify what it refers to as Israel’s war crimes. The article also mentions alleged censorship, suspension of journalists, and distortion of facts in media coverage.

The Wire in its article, “Dead’ Versus ‘Killed’: A Closer Look at the Media Bias in Reporting Israel-Palestine Conflict” written by Yasemin Giritli Inceoglu, published on November 01, 2023, emphasises the importance of peace journalism during conflicts to avoid hate speech and warmongering. Peace journalism is described as a practice based on facts, seeking creative solutions for peace, and paying attention to language use. The author criticises the global press, particularly the Western press, for adopting a pro-Israeli stance, citing examples of biased language and omissions in reporting, especially regarding the Gaza hospital attack. Turkish media is also accused of adopting a biased approach, using expressions that marginalise and spread hatred. The article calls for non-violent solutions to be presented in the media and emphasises the need for journalism to be ethical, balanced, and inclusive in its reporting on the Israeli-Palestinian conflict.

The Conversation in its article, ‘Israel-Hamas war: there is an important difference between a humanitarian pause and a ceasefire,’ published on November 7, 2023, discusses the controversy surrounding the British Labour Party leader Keir Starmer’s refusal to call for a ceasefire in the Hamas-Israel conflict, opting for a humanitarian pause instead. The conflict began with a surprise attack by Hamas, followed by Israel’s extensive military response. The article explains the difference between a humanitarian pause and a ceasefire, emphasising the dire humanitarian situation in Gaza due to the Israeli blockade. The need for international pressure for a pause or ceasefire is highlighted, with insights into the challenges and implications of each. The Israeli prime minister, Benjamin Netanyahu, has resisted calls for a ceasefire, citing the release of hostages as a precondition. The killing in the conflict continues amid ongoing diplomatic efforts.

The Financial Times in its article, ‘What George Orwell could teach us about Israel and Palestine,’ written by Simon Kuper, published on November 09, 2023, discusses the Israel-Hamas conflict and emphasises the danger of approaching such conflicts through a narrow lens of personal identity or pre-established allegiances. The author highlights the tendency for people to choose sides based on ethnicity or historical affiliations, leading to biased perspectives. The author advocates for a commitment to human rights and encourages outsiders to view the conflict with empathy and a focus on universal principles. The piece draws inspiration from figures like Nelson Mandela and George Orwell, promoting a non-partisan, truth-seeking approach to understanding complex geopolitical issues.

The Conversation in its article, ‘Attacks on Jews always rise globally when conflict in Israel and Palestine intensifies,’ published on November 01, 2023, discusses a rise in antisemitic incidents globally following the terrorist attack in Israel on October 7 and the subsequent conflict in Gaza. It highlights a historical pattern where escalations in the Israeli-Palestinian conflict correlate with increased antisemitism in many countries. The surge includes verbal and online threats, physical attacks on Jewish institutions, and cancellations of events due to safety concerns. The piece emphasises the danger of associating all Jews with the actions of the Israeli state, perpetuating harmful stereotypes and conspiracy theories. The strained atmosphere has also impacted dialogue initiatives between Jewish and Muslim communities in some regions.

abc NEWS in its article, ‘As Israel-Hamas conflict continues, why war can be a global health crisis: Experts,’ written by Mary Kekatos, published on October 12, 2023, explains that the ongoing Israel-Hamas conflict is not only an international relations crisis but also a global health crisis, impacting about two billion people, or a quarter of the world’s population, annually. Civilians, especially in war-torn areas, bear the brunt of both direct and indirect health effects, including lack of access to food, clean water, and health care.

In the case of the Israel-Gaza conflict, Israel’s declaration of a “complete siege” on the Gaza Strip has led to the blockage of food and water, raising the risk of malnutrition, particularly among infants and young children. Additionally, attacks on civilian infrastructure hinder access to essential resources and contribute to mental health issues such as depression, anxiety, and PTSD (post-traumatic stress disorder).

The stress and mental health impact extend beyond the war zone, affecting not only those directly involved but also family, friends, and the global population witnessing the events, especially through social media. Displacement due to conflict increases the risk of communicable diseases like COVID-19 and measles, as crowded living conditions in shelters or refugee camps facilitate disease spread. The potential for diarrheal diseases, such as cholera, is also heightened due to a lack of safe water supply during conflicts.

The Conversation in its article, ‘Israel-Palestine conflict: How sharing the waters of the Jordan River could be a pathway to peace,’ published on October 23, 2023, explores the role of water in conflicts, specifically focusing on the Jordan River Basin shared by Israel, Jordan, Lebanon, Palestine, and Syria. It discusses how water scarcity, if managed collaboratively, can potentially foster peace among nations. Examples like the Indus Water Treaty and water-sharing agreements between Israel, Jordan, and others are highlighted. The article also mentions the Red Sea to Dead Sea initiative, an innovative project signed in 2005, aiming to address water scarcity and generate energy as a symbol of peace. The overall message is that effective water management can be a pathway to lasting peace in the region.

Aljazeera in its article, ‘Israel’s war on Gaza: Can Guterres’s use of UN’s Article 99 bring peace?’, written by Indlieb Farazi Saber, published on December 7, 2023, discusses United Nations Secretary-General Antonio Guterres invoking Article 99 of the UN Charter to formally warn the Security Council of the global threat from Israel’s war on Gaza. Article 99 grants the secretary-general the power to call a meeting of the Security Council independently to issue warnings about threats to international peace. Guterres invoked it due to the lack of action from the Security Council and the deteriorating situation in Gaza. The article explains that while Article 99 can force a discussion, it does not grant powers to force the adoption of a resolution, and the effectiveness depends on the Security Council’s actions. The use of Article 99 has been rare, with only four instances in the past, and its impact in bringing lasting peace has been mixed. Israel’s ambassador to the UN, Gilad Erdan, criticised Guterres’s call for a ceasefire, describing it as “moral distortion” and bias against Israel.

The Gaurdian in its article, ‘The bombs are still falling. My heart breaks every day’: novelists Sally Rooney and Isabella Hammad on the Israel-Palestine conflict,’ published on December 17, 2023, features a conversation between novelists Sally Rooney and Isabella Hammad discussing their response to the Israel-Palestine conflict and the role of art in political resistance. Hammad, a British-Palestinian author, reflects on her novels that explore Palestinian life and the impact of political struggles. The conversation touches on the relationship between artistic-intellectual work and political organising, the changing landscape of speech on the issue, and the role of international law in addressing the conflict. Both authors express deep concern about the ongoing violence, devastation, and loss of life in the region, acknowledging the limitations of language in capturing the gravity of the situation. They also discuss the importance of engaging with Palestinian perspectives and the Nakba as a framework for understanding the ongoing catastrophe.

The New York Times article, ‘Understanding the True Nature of the Hamas-Israel War,’ written by Thomas L. Friedman, published on November 28, 2023, discusses three interconnected wars in the context of the Israel-Palestine conflict. The first war is between Israeli Jews and Palestinians, aggravated by the involvement of Hamas. The second war is an internal struggle within Israeli and Palestinian societies over their visions for the future. The third war is between Iran and its proxies (Hamas, Hezbollah, Houthis) against the United States, Israel, and moderate Arab states.

The author emphasises the importance of a formula to maximise the chances of a positive outcome in all three wars. This formula includes defeating Hamas, sparing as many Gazan civilians as possible, removing Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu and his extremist allies, returning hostages, deterring Iran, and revitalising the Palestinian Authority in the West Bank. The renewed Palestinian Authority is seen as crucial for moderation, coexistence, and the success of a two-State solution. The article expresses concern about Netanyahu’s reluctance to involve the Palestinian Authority in Gaza due to pressure from the extreme right. The author argues that a sustainable post-Hamas regional alliance and stability in Gaza are unattainable as long as Netanyahu remains in power.

The Council on Foreign Relations in its article, ‘Israel’s War on Hamas: What to Know,’ written by Bruce Hoffman published on October 9, 2023, explains the recent conflict between Israel and Hamas, suggesting that the sophistication of Hamas’s attacks on Israel, involving coordinated assaults from air, sea, and land, indicates external State support, possibly from Iran. The author anticipates that Israel will launch a massive and decisive military operation to permanently destroy Hamas, especially in response to reported war crimes committed by Hamas fighters. The article highlights potential challenges and advantages for both Hamas and Israel, including the possibility of other adversaries like Hezbollah and al-Qaeda getting involved. The outcome of the conflict is deemed unpredictable, and the author raises concerns about the potential escalation of the war and its regional implications.

Aljazeera in its article, ‘Does Israel have the right to self-defence in Gaza?’ written by Kunal Purohit, published on November 17, 2023, explains the recent Israeli attacks on Gaza, including bombings of residential areas and a hospital, leading to a “nightmarish” humanitarian situation. There are calls for a ceasefire amid concerns of starvation due to the Israeli blockade. The article questions the justification of Israel’s actions under the right to self-defence, citing expert opinions that it might not apply in this case. The piece highlights potential violations of international humanitarian law, including attacks on civilian areas, hospitals, and the use of white phosphorus. It mentions challenges in holding Israel and Hamas accountable for legal violations despite evidence of war crimes. Multiple groups have filed lawsuits with the International Criminal Court.

The Centre for American Progress in its article, ‘Israel-Hamas Conflict: 5 Actions Washington Should Prioritize Now,’ published on November 17, 2023 discusses the recent conflict between Israel and Hamas, emphasising the intense Israeli bombardments in response to attacks by Hamas. It criticises the blockades imposed by Israel on fuel, water, electricity, and humanitarian aid to Gaza, leading to a catastrophic humanitarian situation. The author calls for US policymakers to be clear about their goals and conditions for providing security assistance to Israel, urging an immediate humanitarian ceasefire, supporting Israel’s defence needs, protecting humanitarian assistance to Gaza, ensuring compliance with the U.S. policy on civilian protection and human rights, and centring US diplomacy to advance a political solution in the region.

The Atlantic Council in its publication, ‘Israel claims it is no longer occupying the Gaza Strip. What does international law say?, written by Celeste Kmiotek, delves into the debate over whether Israel is still occupying the Gaza Strip. Israel claims it “disengaged” from Gaza in 2005, ending the occupation, while various international institutions argue that Israel has maintained effective control through technology. The legal status of the occupation is crucial, as it determines Israel’s legal obligations to Gaza, particularly regarding the protection of the population. The article explores the definition of occupation, the applicable international laws, and the obligations of an occupying state. It also touches on potential liabilities for breaching these obligations, including investigations by the International Criminal Court (ICC).

The Varsity in its article, ‘Opinion: The Western response to the Israel-Palestine conflict is hypocritical,’ written by Raafia Shahid, published on October 15, 2023, discusses the recent events in the Middle East, criticizing Western political leaders’ support for Israel and highlighting the disparity in living conditions between Israelis and Palestinians. The user expresses frustration with the perceived silence of the West on the Gaza siege and casualties.

The Diplomat in its article, ‘What the Israel-Palestine Conflict Means for China-US Competition,’ written by Wang Jin, published on October 10, 2023, discusses a significant escalation in the Israel-Palestine conflict, highlighting its unprecedented intensity and scope since the Yom Kippur War in 1973. The current conflict features a sudden and major escalation initiated by Hamas, marked by the firing of 5,000 rockets into Israel and Palestinian militants infiltrating southern and central Israel. The article points out Hamas’ strong determination, extensive cooperation with the Palestine Islamic Jihad (PIJ), and the challenges in achieving a short-term ceasefire. The analysis emphasises the potential for increased intensity, surging casualties, and difficulties in mediation in the coming weeks. It also outlines possible directions of further conflict, including a north-south conflict and a widening of the Israeli-Iranian conflict, particularly if a new round of conflict erupts in the West Bank.

The impact on the US and China is discussed, noting the hit to the Israeli government’s prestige, the potential improvement in US-Israel relations, challenges to the normalisation of Saudi Arabia-Israel relations, and obstacles to the US-backed India-Middle East-Europe Economic Corridor. For China, the conflict has both negative and positive impacts, influencing its relationship with Israel and potentially benefiting from the rift between Arab countries and the West on the Israeli-Palestinian issue.

CNBC in its article, ‘Bloodshed, destruction and a far-off peace? There are several possible outcomes of the Israel-Hamas war,’ written by Holly Ellyat, published on October 12, 2023, discusses the recent escalation of violence between Israel and Hamas, raising questions about when the conflict might end and if peace is possible. Israeli forces are reportedly preparing for a ground operation in Gaza, and there are concerns about the humanitarian impact of the conflict. The death toll and the number of displaced individuals are rising. Analysts anticipate a more destructive phase, and there is uncertainty about the war’s outcome. Possible scenarios include a degraded Hamas, regional escalation, international intervention, or a ceasefire. The article highlights Israel’s determination to eliminate Hamas and the challenges in predicting the conflict’s consequences. The prospects for peace seem distant, with differing international reactions to the situation.

The Conversation in its article ‘Reflections on hope during unprecedented violence in the Israel-Hamas war,’ published on October 13, 2023, discusses the author’s personal experiences during times of conflict in Israel and draws parallels between historical events and the recent Israel-Hamas conflict in 2023. It highlights the cyclical nature of violence between Israelis and Palestinians, citing instances of terrorism and retribution dating back to the 1920s. The author emphasises the unprecedented brutality and destruction caused by Hamas in a surprise attack on Israel, drawing distinctions from past conflicts. The unconditional US government support for Israel and Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu’s goal to eliminate Hamas are also noted as notable differences. The author expresses hope that the current conflict could be an opportunity to finally resolve the Israeli-Palestinian conflict.

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