Social classification involved the ruling class (such as Rajputs, nobles, and zamindars), religious figures (such as the ulemas), and thriving mercantile and professional classes (including merchants, moneylenders, and artisans), alongside traditional caste groups (Brahmins, Kshatriyas, Vaishyas, and Shudras). Together, these formed a complex social structure where religious, military, and economic power intertwined, although the older varna system persisted.

The Ruling Class Rajputs were a Kshatriya group who formed the warrior aristocracy. They ruled various kingdoms in western India, particularly Rajasthan, and beyond, and were known for valour, loyalty, and their complex clan systems (Suryavanshi, Chandravanshi, and such as the Agnivanshi lineages).

The Ulemas These were islamic religious scholars and jurists who provided religious guidance, interpreted islamic law (Sharia), and often served in administrative roles, influencing rulers and local communities.

Mercantile and Professional Classes These classes played a role in driving the economy and were engaged in extensive trade networks (both internal and international). They contributed to wide range of industries. The Indian merchants wielded economic and local political influence through leaders, strikes, and trade networks. Many Indian merchants were extremely wealthy, such as Virji Vohra, Abdul Ghafur Bohra, Malay Chetti, and Kashi Viranna, rivalling European merchants, and active across regions and overseas. Diverse mercantile communities formed complex commercial systems, that ensured efficient inter-regional trade and rapid response to market demands.